Floor heating is a heating method that uses the entire floor as a radiator, uniformly heats the entire floor through the heat medium in the floor radiation layer, and conducts heat from bottom to top by utilizing the heat storage and upward radiation of the floor itself. It has a long history, dating back to the late Ming Dynasty when the ventilation system of the Forbidden City was used for heating, and now it has developed into ground radiation heating using modern materials as the heat medium.

The circulating water system of central air conditioning mainly includes two parts: the cooling water system and the chilled (heating) water system. Among them, the cooling water system is an open circulation system, while the chilled (heating) water system is generally a closed circulation system. Both of these parts use tap water as the working medium. When external conditions such as temperature, flow rate, and concentration change, the water quality often exhibits an unstable state, leading to scaling, corrosion, and biofouling.

The energy-saving and emission reduction technologies for solar hot water pipeline networks include pipeline insulation technology, pipeline anti-corrosion technology, pipeline water quality online monitoring and control technology, pipeline fault diagnosis and repair technology, pipeline inspection robot technology, etc. Among them, pipeline insulation technology is a key technology to reduce heat loss, and commonly used materials include polyurethane insulation materials, glass wool insulation materials, rubber insulation materials, etc; Pipeline anti-corrosion technology is a key technology to reduce water quality deterioration and extend the service life of pipelines. Common measures include pipeline coating with anti-corrosion coatings, pipeline lining with anti-corrosion coatings, pipeline cathodic protection, etc.

Industrial fluid transport pipelines are typically specified by a schedule with a nominal diameter of constant outer diameter (OD) and a defined thickness. They are manufactured according to one of the international and national industrial standards and are used for long-distance transportation of gases or liquids. These pipelines not only transport gas or liquid fluids from one point to another in process factories, but also transport bulk solids from one point to another in food or processing plants. In addition, pipelines are also used for the construction of high-pressure storage containers, as well as the construction of handrails, scaffolding, and support structures.